Updated: Friday, October 27,2023-10-27 18:20:45
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"basename": "QCE DAY 1",
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"path": "Machine Tips (Quantum)/Project Vault/QCE 2023/QCE DAY 1.md"
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@ -195,10 +199,6 @@
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"basename": "Encrypting Obsidian",
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"Machine Tips (Quantum)/Project Vault/QCE 2023/QCE DAY 3.md",
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"Machine Tips (Quantum)/Project Vault/QCE 2023/QCE DAY 1.md",
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"Machine Tips (Quantum)/Project Vault/Constructions/Making Machines.md",
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@ -206,7 +228,6 @@
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"Machine Tips (Quantum)/Resources/Quantum 101 - Alt. Resources.md",
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@ -0,0 +1,386 @@
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Rhode and Schwarz Presentations
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Presentation 1: James
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- EmC presentations - gtime FFT
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- Emissions
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Summary:
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- Compliance testing is required for most electrical devices
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- Failure rate in full compliance is quite high
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- Redesign + retest is retired
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- Precompliance testing is very important
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Questions:
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- Anyone melted a probe? (people have definitely melted antennas)
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---
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Signal Generators
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Topics:
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- Primary purpose of signal generators
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- Produces electrical wave forms of various a mplitudes, frequency and phase properties
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- Signal sinusoidal (CW - Continuous wave, SMW-2WA - the “flagship” Signal Generator)
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Why are they important?
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- They provide close to ideal input signals to the device under test (DUE_
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- They emulate real-worls signals in the case of complex - moulations 5G, LTE, Wifi
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- Good performance ois important to minimize generators
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Signal Generators → 1. Analog Generators 2. Digital Generators
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Analog Signal Generators
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- Frequency, basic modulation, boise and spectral p
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- Major reason for switching to analog
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Veector Signal Generators
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- Frequency and level range
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- Noise and spectral purity → modulation BW + capabilities
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Analog
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(insert image here)
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Vector
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(insert image here)
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What do we need an analog generator for
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- High quality singals
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- Reference code
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- Gain
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- Component development / testing (ADCD_
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- Receiver testing
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- Military / radar applications
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AM Frequency modulation FM frequency modulation Phase freqeuncy modulation
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Analog Generator Selection Criterai -- things to consider
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Primary:
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- Frequency range
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- Phase-noise
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- Harmonics
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- Output power
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Secondaru
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- Switching speeds
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- Frequency + amplitude accuracy
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- Very bad modulation support
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- Very important to understand your input signals
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Vector Signal Generator Applciations
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- Receiver testing - a huge applications
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- Impairment generation
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- Impulse testing
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- Fading capbiliites, ability to generate attenuated delayed signals
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- Radar echo preparations (GNSS)
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- Multipath signal generators
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Vecotr Signal Basics:
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- Analog signals defined by magnitude
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- Vector signals defined by: magnitude + phase
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- Used in digita modulation
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- LTE, SGNR, Wifi, Bluetooth, SatCOM
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ASK, PSK, FSK
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Generating IQ Values
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- Start with Symbol that represents particular magnitude _ phase
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- Magnitude + phase can be converted into can be converted into
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- In-phase (“real”)
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- Quadratic (“imaginary”)
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- Simplifies the pair of IQ vzlaues
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IQ Modulatior
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- Converts base band (transmitting) signals into RF Signals
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- This allows the AM FM PM to sum the signals
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IQ Modulation Steps
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- Many licensing keys that you buy/input
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- ca n bring data in digitally (bring the IQ values in digitally) - various ways to define the baseband
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- Can have a file of IQ values
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- Specific data that has been mapped to IQ values
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- Appropriate IQ values are generated based on what you selected
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- Seiteis fo steps involved in creating a vector modulated signal
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- Basic Digital Modulation - each variations of a signal magnitude _ phase represent a unique symbol
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-
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Each symbol represents a specific digital bit or combination of bits -
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ASL - Amplitude of 100% and 50%
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BPSK - phase 0 degrees and 180 degrees
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Constellations (Symbol Mapping)
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- Constellations - collection of symbols on a polar chart representing a signal and magnitude and phase
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- X - acist depicting amplitude (I )
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- Y - as depicting phase (Q)
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- ASK depicts 2 symbols with 1 bit of info - modulating in amplitude
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- BPSK chart depicts 2 symbols molulating only in phase
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How do we add more bits/symbols/information for faster data transmission?
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- Through QAM symbol mapping
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- Could transmit only 1 bit previously can transmit 4 bits now!
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- These mits make up the frame of our wifi, transmission, bluetooth, etc..
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Modulation Bandwidth
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- Some LTE at least 10 MHz of bandwidth requires
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- Frequency - generators RF frequency , usually the carrier signal
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- Bandwidth
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- ** important tto distinguish what the signal rate is and what the bit-rate is **
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- Flatness is the gain variation of the platform
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Impairment Generation
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- Another huge reason for vector
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- previously talked about band base generation
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- Able to do fading and noise injection
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(include image here)
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- impairment s emulate real-world effects
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- Keeps up with standards as well
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- Base band impairments - noise - SW interferes - impulse noise - phase noice -
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- Fading - ability t o generate copies of a signal , attenuate them, or dopplegang them
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AWFN impairments
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- Additive white gaissian noise additive -
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- Additive Combine dwith useful
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- White: noise constant other frequency
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- Gaussian - describes how noise changes over time ODFM (orthogonal)
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- 23 ASK Constellations ODFM orthogonal
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- Considered more immune than QM
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- Device under test → mini circuits amplification
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AWGN Generation
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- Constellation drawn by the analyzer
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- Analyzer (receiver basically) no trouble achieving
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- Signal to rnoise ratio - APSK (PVB -52, Digital Viceo Broad cast
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- This is very important for devices that are re-timing the circuit
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- Needs to be able to filter out the (phase) noise that you inject
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Phase noise impairment:
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- Anything coming up in time domain (called jitter)
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- Anything long0term in time domain (called wonder)
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- Excessive phase noise can cause many issues
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- Disturbance in communication systems for instance
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- Phase noise can be addes to base bands signal by
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- Define amount of phase noise at gain - frequency offsets
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- Adding phase noise to signal leads to rotation
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- Errors → adjacent signal / symbols bleeding into other symbols - bit-error
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Impulse Noise impairment - many real wprld examples of impulse noise impairment
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- unintentional - spark plugs motors,
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- Intentional - radars, or bursty , modulation time
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Fading:**
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